Effects of biochar application on soil physicochemical properties and maize (Zea mays L.) productivity in tropical soils

Abstract

Biochar is increasingly recognized as a sustainable soil amendment for improving soil fertility and crop productivity in tropical agroecosystems. This study evaluated the effects of biochar application on soil physicochemical properties and maize (Zea mays L.) productivity in a tropical soil environment. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with four biochar rates (0, 5, 10, and 15 t ha?¹). Results showed that biochar significantly improved soil physical properties by reducing bulk density (2.56 to 2.27 g cm?³) and increasing total porosity, moisture content, and hydraulic conductivity. Soil chemical properties were also enhanced, with increases in pH (5.2 to 6.7), organic carbon (4.01 to 6.83 g kg?¹), total nitrogen (1.46 to 2.17 g kg?¹), and available phosphorus (2.57 to 4.10 ppm). Exchangeable bases (Ca, Mg, K, and Na) also improved with increasing biochar rates. Improved soil conditions translated into enhanced maize performance, with increases in plant height, stem girth, cob length, grain yield, and improved reproductive development. The highest performance was consistently observed at 15 t ha?¹, although 10 t ha?¹ also showed substantial agronomic benefits. The study concludes that biochar is an effective soil amendment for improving soil quality and maize productivity in tropical soils, with 10–15 t ha?¹ recommended for optimal performance. This highlights its potential for sustainable soil management and crop production.

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