Unrevealing the potential of aquatic macrophytes for phytoremediation in heavy metal-polluted wastewater

Abstract

Aquatic macrophytes including Eichhornia crassipes, Pistia stratiotes, and Lemna minor have shown promise in phytoremediation for wastewater treatment and heavy metal removal. This approach may reduce pollution. However, plant metabolic rate and ability to break down organic compounds or tolerate heavy metals are limited. Biotechnology can significantly improve these issues. Scientists can alter plants to improve phytoremediation using genetic engineering. Direct gene transfer allows certain genes to be introduced into plants, giving them advantages. Introducing genes involved in metal absorption, transport, and detoxification into plants may increase their ability to store and survive heavy metals. Introducing genes that encode enzymes that break down organic pollutants can also improve decomposition. Transgenic plants with improved metabolic pathways, biomass yield, and stress tolerance have been created using biotechnology. These advances benefit phytoremediation. Selecting acceptable plant species for genetic modification is crucial. Aquatic macrophytes can produce a lot of biomasses, grow quickly, and absorb nutrients, making them excellent for genetic engineering in phytoremediation. In general, biotechnology can improve phytoremediation by overcoming plant capacity restrictions. The ecological and regulatory effects of introducing genetically modified organisms into the environment must be considered. The safe and sustainable use of genetically modified plants for phytoremediation requires collaboration between biotechnologists, environmental scientists, and legislators.